Last updated on Tuesday, February 21st, 2023
The Hall Effect experiment is explained very briefly (I just tried to make it brief). In general, we ask our students to find the Hall Voltage and Hall Coefficient.
The Hall Effect experiment
For this purpose, the knowledge of the apparatus is must, like:
- The first one is electromagnet power supply by which we provide the current in an amp to the electric coils (like the solenoid) as a result we get a uniform magnetic field between the two poles of steel which are inserted in the coils already.
- Gaussmeter with Gauss probe; this is used to measure the magnetic field density, the flux in between the poles and it remains constant throughout the experiment ….its value depends on the magnitude of the current.
- The digital voltmeter and ammeter, to measure the voltage and current. The connections are made with the sample properly.
Now, after making it clear that what components we are using in this experiment, then we start to take the observations. Follow the video tutorial below for full information.
Some concepts should be very clear before the performance of the experiment, like knowledge of Flemming’s left-hand rule, Lorentz’s force, and the direction of the magnetic field.
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The Hall Effect
Hall effect, electric field and hall voltage by using Fleming’s Left-hand rule explained here. Hall effect is important and to explain it the direction of the magnetic force plays the role. The charge carrier hole or electron deviates from the path either upward or downward because of the magnetic force. The direction of force can be explained with the help of Fleming’s left-hand rule and so hall effect.
READ ALSO: Determination of Magnetic Susceptibility Experiment
Working
When the magnetic force is applied on the charge carrier (here holes) they start to accumulate on the upper face and as a result downward face becomes negatively charged, where further an Electric field develops in the downward direction (from positive face to negative face).
As we know that charge is accumulating continuously so at a particular stage the electric field force strength becomes equal to the magnetic field force. In this situation charge particle moves without any deviation further, this is known as steady-state and phenomenon hall effect.
Hall Voltage Determination
The two forces are equal and opposite in directions. Now one can define the current which in this case is flowing along the X-axis. By using this current further drift velocity can be derived and can use to derive the result of Hall Voltage.
The Hall Effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879
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Explanation of Hall Effect
The Hall Effect is due to the nature of the current in a conductor. Current consists of the movement of many small charge carriers, typically electrons, holes, ions or all three. When a magnetic field is present that is not parallel to the direction of motion of moving charges, these charges experience a force, called the Lorentz force.
When such a magnetic field is absent, the charges follow approximately straight, ‘line of sight’ paths between collisions with impurities, phonon, etc. However, when a magnetic field with a perpendicular component is applied, their paths between collisions are curved so that moving charges accumulate on one face of the material.
This leaves equal and opposite charges exposed on the other face, where there is a scarcity of mobile charges. The result is an asymmetric distribution of charge density across the Hall element that is perpendicular to both the ‘line of sight’ path and the applied magnetic field.
The separation of charge establishes an electric field that opposes the migration of further charge, so a steady electrical potential is established for as long as the charge is flowing.
In the classical view, there are only electrons moving in the same average direction both in the case of electron or hole conductivity. This cannot explain the opposite sign of the Hall Effect observed.
The difference is that electrons in the upper bound of the valence band have opposite group velocity and wave vector direction when moving, which can be effectively treated as if positively charged particles (holes) moved in the opposite direction to that of the electrons.
Thanks sir,. It helps a lot..
Respected sir , please also upload a video on the experiment of measuring the e/m ratio