Zeeman Effect Explanation for B. Sc.
Zeeman Effect Introduction Zeeman Effect was observed In 1896, by the Zeeman (the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman) that, when an atom is placed in an external magnetic field, and then…
Dipole Moment of Atom: Key for Material’s Properties
I start it with a simple example of a classroom. As you know, in the classroom when there is no teacher students sit in random directions. While the teacher enters…
Specifications of Different Optical Fibers
Single-mode step-index fiber: Core diameter: 7 to 11 μm Cladding diameter: generally 125 μm Coating diameter: 200 to 300 μm Numerical aperture: 0.08 to 0.15 Performance: 2 to 5 dB/km with a…
Signal Attenuation in an Optical Fiber
Signal attenuation within the optical fibers is usually expressed in the logarithmic unit of the decibel. Decibel is defined by the input and output power ratio of the signal for…
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